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CWNP CWAP-404 Exam Topics:
Section
Objectives
Protocol Analysis - 15%
Capture 802.11 frames using the appropriate methods
- Select capture devices
- Laptop protocol analyzers
- APs, controllers, and other management solutions
- Specialty devices (hand-held analyzers and custom-built devices)
- Install monitor mode drivers
- Select capture location(s)
- Capture sufficient data for analysis
- Capture all channels or capture on a single channel as needed
- Capture roaming events
Understand and apply the common capture configuration parameters available in protocol analysis tools
- Save to disk
- Packet slicing
- Event triggers
- Buffer options
- Channels and channel widths
- Capture filters
- Channel scanning and dwell time
Analyze 802.11 frame captures to discover problems and find solutions
- Use appropriate display filters to view relevant frames and packets
- Use colorization to highlight important frames and packets
- Configure and display columns for analysis purposes
- View frame and packet decodes while understanding the information shown and applying it to the analysis process
- Use multiple adapters and channel aggregation to view captures from multiple channels
- Implement protocol analyzer decryption procedures
- View and use a capture’s statistical information for analysis
- Use expert mode for analysis
- View and understand peer maps as they relate to communications analysis
Utilize additional tools that capture 802.11 frames for analysis and troubleshooting
- WLAN scanners and discovery tools
- Protocol capture visualization and analysis tools
- Centralized monitoring, alerting, and forensic tools
Ensure appropriate troubleshooting methods are used with all analysis types
- Define the problem
- Determine the scale of the problem
- Identify probable causes
- Capture and analyze the data
- Observe the problem
- Choose appropriate remediation steps
- Document the problem and resolution
Spectrum Analysis - 10%
Capture RF spectrum data and understand the common views available in spectrum analyzers
- Install, configure, and use spectrum analysis software and hardware
- Capture RF spectrum data using handheld, laptop-based, and infrastructure spectrum capture solutions
- Understand and use spectrum analyzer views
- Real-time FFT
- Waterfall, swept spectrogram, density, and historic views
- Utilization and duty cycle
- Detected devices
- WLAN integration views
Analyze spectrum captures to identify relevant RF information and issues
- RF noise floor in an environment
- Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for a given signal
- Sources of RF interference and their locations
- RF channel utilization
- Non-Wi-Fi transmitters and their impact on WLAN communications
- Overlapping and non-overlapping adjacent channel interference
- Poor performing or faulty radios
Analyze spectrum captures to identify various device signatures
- Identify various 802.11 PHYs
- DSSS
- OFDM
- OFDMA
- Channel widths
- Primary channel
- Identify non-802.11 devices based on RF behaviors and signatures
- Frequency hopping devices
- IoT devices
- Microwave ovens
- Video devices
- RF Jammers
- Cordless phones
Use centralized spectrum analysis solutions
- AP-based spectrum analysis
- Sensor-based spectrum analysis
PHY Layers and Technologies - 10%
Understand and describe the functions of the PHY layer and the PHY protocol data units (PPDUs)
- DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
- HR/DSSS (High Rate/Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
- OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
- ERP (Extended Rate PHY)
- HT (High Throughput)
- VHT (Very High Throughput)
- HE (High Efficiency)
- HE SU PPDU
- HE MU PPDU
- HE ER SU PPDU
- HE TB PPDU
- HE NULL data packets
Apply the understanding of PHY technologies, including PHY headers, preambles, training fields, frame aggregation, and data rates, to captured data
Identify and use PHY information provided within pseudo-headers in protocol analyzers
- Pseudo-Header formats
- Radiotap
- Per Packet Information (PPI)
- Key pseudo-header content
- Guard intervals
- Resource units allocation
- PPDU formats
- Signal strength
- Noise
- Data rate and MCS index
- Length information
- Channel center frequency or received channel
- Channel properties
Recognize the limits of protocol analyzers to capture PHY information including NULL data packets and PHY headers
Use appropriate capture devices based on proper understanding of PHY types
- Supported PHYs
- Supported spatial streams
MAC Sublayer and Functions - 25%
CWNP Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Sample Questions (Q95-Q100):
NEW QUESTION # 95
What should the To DS and From DS flags be to set to in an Association Response frame?
- A. To DS = 0, From DS = 1
- B. To DS - 0, From DS = 0
- C. To DS - 1, From DS = 0
- D. To DS = 1, From DS = 1
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The To DS and From DS flags should be set to 0 in an Association Response frame. An Association Response frame is a type of management frame that is transmitted by an AP to accept or reject an association request from a STA. The To DS (To Distribution System) and From DS (From Distribution System) flags are two bits in the Frame Control field of the MAC header that indicate whether a frame is destined for or originated from the DS (Distribution System), which is a system that connects multiple BSSs together. The To DS and From DS flags can have four possible combinations: 00, 01, 10, or 11. For an Association Response frame, which is sent from an AP to a STA within a BSS, both flags should be set to 0. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 121-122
NEW QUESTION # 96
When a data frame is encrypted with WPA2, to which portion of the frame is the encryption applied?
- A. The whole MPDU
- B. Frame body and MAC Header
- C. Frame body including the LLC
- D. Frame body excluding the LLC
Answer: C
Explanation:
When a data frame is encrypted with WPA2, the encryption is applied to the frame body including the LLCPDU. The LLCPDU (Logical Link Control Protocol Data Unit) is a part of the frame body that contains information such as protocol type, source and destination service access points (SAPs), and control fields. The LLCPDU is added by the LLC (Logical Link Control) sublayer to provide multiplexing and flow control functions for different upper layer protocols. When a data frame is encrypted with WPA2, which uses AES-CCMP as its encryption algorithm, both the payload and the LLCPDU are encrypted as a single unit. The MAC header and FCS are not encrypted, as they are needed for addressing and error detection purposes.
NEW QUESTION # 97
Which one of the following statements is not true concerning DTIMs?
- A. DTIM stands for Delivery Traffic Indication Map
- B. The DTIM interval can dictate when an STA will wake up to listen to beacon frames
- C. Buffered Broadcast and Multicast traffic will be transmitted following a DTIM
- D. Every Beacon frame must contain a DTIM
Answer: D
Explanation:
Every Beacon frame must contain a DTIM is not a true statement concerning DTIMs. DTIM stands for Delivery Traffic Indication Message, and it is a subfield within the TIM (Traffic Indication Map) element in a Beacon frame. The DTIM indicates how many Beacon frames (including the current one) will appear before the next DTIM. For example, if the DTIM interval is set to 3, it means that every third Beacon frame will contain a DTIM. Buffered broadcast and multicast traffic will be transmitted following a DTIM, so that STAs in power save mode can wake up and receive them. The DTIM interval can also dictate when an STA will wake up to listen to Beacon frames, as some STAs may choose to only listen to Beacon frames that contain a DTIM.
NEW QUESTION # 98
What is encrypted within the fourth frame of the 4-Way Handshake?
- A. GTK
- B. GMK
- C. PTK
- D. PMK
Answer: A
Explanation:
The GTK (Group Temporal Key) is encrypted within the third message of the 4-Way Handshake.
The 4-Way Handshake is a process that establishes a secure connection between a STA (station) and an AP (access point) using WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2), which is a security protocol that uses AES- CCMP (Advanced Encryption Standard-Counter Mode CBC-MAC Protocol) as its encryption algorithm. The 4-Way Handshake consists of four messages that are exchanged between the STA and the AP. The first message is sent by the AP to the STA, containing the ANonce (Authenticator Nonce), which is a random number generated by the AP.
The second message is sent by the STA to the AP, containing the SNonce (Supplicant Nonce), which is a random number generated by the STA, and the MIC (Message Integrity Code), which is a value that verifies the integrity of the message. The third message is sent by the AP to the STA, containing the GTK, which is a key that is used to encrypt and decrypt multicast and broadcast data frames, and the MIC. The GTK is encrypted with the KEK (Key Encryption Key), which is derived from the PTK (Pairwise Temporal Key). The PTK is a key that is used to encrypt and decrypt unicast data frames, and it is derived from the PMK (Pairwise Master Key), the ANonce, and the SNonce. The fourth message is sent by the STA to the AP, containing only the MIC, to confirm the completion of the 4-Way Handshake. The other options are not correct, as they are not encrypted within the third message of the 4-Way Handshake. The PMK is a key that is derived from a passphrase or obtained from an authentication server, and it is not transmitted in any message of the 4-Way Handshake. The PTK is a key that is derived from the PMK, the ANonce, and the SNonce, and it is not transmitted in any message of the 4-Way Handshake. The GMK (Group Master Key) is a key that is generated by the AP and used to derive the GTK, and it is not transmitted in any message of the 4-Way Handshake.
NEW QUESTION # 99
In a Spectrum Analyzer the Swept Spectrogram plot displays what information?
- A. The RF time domain
- B. RF power present at a particular frequency over the course of time
- C. Wi-Fi Device information
- D. Duty cycle in the frequency domain
Answer: B
Explanation:
The Swept Spectrogram plot is a spectrum analysis plot that shows the RF power present at a particular frequency over the course of time. It can help identify trends and patterns in the RF spectrum over a longer period of time. It can also show how the RF environment changes over time and how different sources of RF signals affect each other. The other options are not correct, as they describe different types of plots or information that are not related to the Swept Spectrogram plot.
NEW QUESTION # 100
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